In 2024, international climate negotiations faced significant challenges, with outcomes falling short of expectations. Despite this, subnational governments have emerged as pivotal players in advancing climate and biodiversity initiatives. The year saw key events such as COP16 in Cali, Colombia, and COP29 in Baku, Azerbaijan, where negotiators aimed to bolster global efforts in environmental protection and financing. However, these conferences failed to secure substantial financial commitments, leaving many disappointed. This article explores how subnational entities are stepping up to fill the gap, emphasizing their critical role in driving climate action.

International climate policy discussions have long been a cornerstone of global environmental efforts. In 2024, nations convened at various forums, including COP16 and COP29, to address pressing issues like climate change and biodiversity loss. These gatherings aimed to enhance protections for species, lands, forests, and the climate through increased funding and policy reforms. Yet, despite initial optimism, the outcomes were less than satisfactory. COP16, for instance, struggled to achieve major financial pledges, partly due to logistical challenges and the absence of a quorum. Similarly, COP29 fell short of meeting the financial needs of developing countries, which had requested $1.3 trillion annually but received only a fraction of that amount.

Against this backdrop, subnational governments—states, provinces, and cities—are emerging as vital actors in the fight against climate change. These entities are often closer to the ground, implementing programs directly with communities and addressing local challenges. For example, the Governors' Climate and Forests Task Force (GCF Task Force) has presented ambitious plans to mobilize public and private financing for forest conservation. California, a founding member of the GCF Task Force, recently unveiled its preliminary budget, outlining strategies to leverage carbon market funds and other resources to combat climate change. This initiative highlights the proactive stance of subnational governments in the face of national and international uncertainties.

The role of subnational governments extends beyond merely filling gaps left by international agreements. They are also demonstrating leadership by showcasing innovative solutions and fostering collaboration between various stakeholders. The GCF Task Force's Blueprint for a New Forest Economy exemplifies this approach, aiming to stack diverse funding sources to drive meaningful action. Additionally, Indigenous Peoples and local communities are increasingly recognized as essential partners in these efforts, contributing valuable insights and expertise.

Looking ahead, the importance of subnational governments cannot be overstated. As national and multilateral processes face setbacks, these entities will continue to lead on the ground, ensuring that climate and biodiversity goals remain within reach. The upcoming Annual Meeting of the GCF Task Force in Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil, in May 2025, will serve as a crucial milestone, demonstrating the ongoing progress of jurisdiction-scale climate and forest programs. Ultimately, supporting subnational governments is not just a pragmatic choice; it is an imperative for effective climate policy.